Bordetella virus or bacteria

Pertussis is a very contagious disease only found in humans. Pertussis spreads from person to person. People with pertussis usually spread the disease to another person by coughing or sneezing or when spending a lot of time near one another where you share breathing space. Many babies who get pertussis are infected by older siblings, parents, or caregivers who might not even know they have the disease. Infected people are most contagious up to about 2 weeks after the cough begins.

Antibiotics may shorten the amount of time someone is contagious. Find out how you can make living…. Pitted keratolysis is a bacterial skin infection that can affect both the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands. But certain kinds of E. Sepsis is a serious infection that causes your immune system to attack your body. Learn about the stages of sepsis and how to identify the symptoms. Boils are caused by bacteria building up in a hair follicle and pushing up to the surface of the skin.

Recurring boils happen for a number of reasons…. Certain E. Learn about other bacteria and parasites like pinworms and how to prevent…. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Is Kennel Cough Contagious to Humans? Medically reviewed by Kevin Martinez, M. What is kennel cough? In severe cases, a parenteral antimicrobial combination that includes a fluoroquinolone and penicillin or clindamycin is recommended. Care should be taken to prevent further irritation to the trachea by avoiding a neck lead and removing barking triggers.

With the exception of CDV, these vaccines do not produce sterilizing immunity but rather decrease the severity of clinical signs and magnitude of pathogen shedding. The remaining vaccinations are recommended in dogs that have risk of exposure. The route of vaccine delivery for these pathogens and its impact on the immune response have been debated in the literature.

Intranasal or intraoral vaccination has been recommended to improve mucosal immune responses and permit rapid onset of protection in overcrowded environments, such as shelters.

However, mucosal vaccination can sometimes result in vaccine-induced disease, and it can be difficult to know whether disease in a shelter environment is secondary to the vaccine or natural infection. Concern has also been raised that intranasal vaccine strains of B bronchiseptica might be capable of causing human disease in the immunosuppressed, although molecular evidence of this is lacking.

Vaccination with intranasal vaccines is followed by the development of low titers of serum immunoglobulin G IgG , whereas serum IgG responses are higher after parenteral vaccination. Parenteral vaccines are available for reduction of clinical signs owing to CIVs, including individual H3N8 or H3N2 vaccines and combination bivalent vaccines. Although vaccination is a major prevention strategy, other precautions must be taken because immunization does not protect against all infections.

In group-housing situations, precautionary measures should include an isolation period for dogs entering the population, rigorous daily monitoring for development of clinical signs within the group, and quarantine protocols for dogs with clinical signs associated with CIRDC.

Care should be taken to prevent overcrowding and stress within the population. If an outbreak does occur, facilities should have an infectious disease protocol in place to limit exposure to other dogs in the facility, isolating ill animals from the population at large and applying proper disinfection protocols. An attempt should be made to determine the etiologic agent so targeted prevention and treatment protocols can be instituted.

Contagious respiratory disease is a pervasive problem in group-housed dogs and pets that comingle with other dogs. Molecular techniques have led to discoveries of CIRDC pathogens that were not previously associated with the disease complex and highlighted the importance of coinfections in disease severity.

With increased travel of dogs around the world, it is likely that novel pathogens will continue to emerge as CIV variants have in the past 2 decades. Because there are no specific therapies available for viral CIRDC pathogens, and available vaccines do not convey sterilizing immunity, prevention of infection is vital in group-housed dogs. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

Published online Dec 5. Krystle L. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. All rights reserved. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVIDrelated research that is available on the COVID resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. The development of pneumonia should raise concern for underlying canine distemper virus infection or other underlying immunosuppressive disease. Table 1 Summary of the primary pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease complex. Organism Incubation Period d Clinical Presentation Vaccination B bronchiseptica 2—6 Variable ranging from commensal to mild upper-respiratory signs to severe bronchopneumonia Parenteral inactivated; attenuated live intranasal, mucosal vaccine Mycoplasma cynos 3—10 Clinical syndrome not completely described.

Open in a separate window. Data from Sykes JE. Canine Viral Respiratory Infections. In: Sykes JE, ed. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Saint Louis: W. Saunders; Bacterial organisms associated with canine infectious respiratory disease complex Bordetella bronchiseptica B bronchiseptica is a worldwide cause of respiratory disease in dogs and also causes disease in other species, including cats, pigs, rabbits, and people.

Mycoplasma cynos Many Mycoplasma spp are commensal organisms that colonize the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, and their role in canine infectious respiratory disease is not clear. Miscellaneous Bacteria Other bacterial species have been isolated from dogs with CIRDC, including Streptococcus canis , Pasteurella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus spp, and coliforms, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae 48 , 49 ; however, they are likely to represent secondary opportunistic infections as opposed to primary pathogens.

Viruses associated with canine infectious respiratory disease complex Canine Adenovirus 2 Canine adenovirus-2, genus Mastadenovirus of the family Adenoviridae, is a nonenveloped double-stranded DNA virus that is a worldwide cause of infectious respiratory disease in dogs. Canine Herpesvirus Canine herpesvirus-1 Canid alphaherpesvirus-1 is an enveloped doubled-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Diagnosis Diagnosis of disease associated with CIRDC starts with collection of a history and thorough physical examination.

Summary Contagious respiratory disease is a pervasive problem in group-housed dogs and pets that comingle with other dogs. Disclosure Dr J. References 1. Buonavoglia C. Canine respiratory viruses. Vet Res. Mitchell J. European surveillance of emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol. Anderson T. Vet J. Barrell E. Seroprevalence and risk factors for canine H3N8 influenza virus exposure in household dogs in Colorado.

J Vet Intern Med. Edinboro C. A placebo-controlled trial of two intranasal vaccines to prevent tracheobronchitis kennel cough in dogs entering a humane shelter. Prev Vet Med. Ford R. Canine infectious respiratory disease. In: Greene C. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. Saunders Elsevier; St. Louis MO : Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs. Emerg Infect Dis. Castleman W. Canine H3N8 influenza virus infection in dogs and mice. Vet Pathol. Decaro N. An update on canine coronaviruses: viral evolution and pathobiology.

Dubovi E. Canine influenza. Erles K. Isolation and sequence analysis of canine respiratory coronavirus. Virus Res. Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease. Priestnall S. New and emerging pathogens in canine infectious respiratory disease.

Severe bacterial and fungal co-infections are a major concern with COVID and increase disease mortality 2. Bordetella hinzii was first identified as a cause of respiratory infection in poultry and more rarely in rodents 4. It was first reported as a human infection in a patient with HIV infection in as a cause of bacteremia 5 and has subsequently been identified as a cause of soft tissue infections, pneumonia, cholangitis, urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and endocarditis, most often in immunocompromised patients 4 — 15 ; Appendix references 16, We report a case of B.

A year-old man with medical history notable for uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease and who was receiving hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease sought treatment with worsening shortness of breath and 3 days of chest pain. He also reported cough, nausea, fever, and back pain.

He lived at a nursing home and had no known poultry or pet exposure. A computed tomography scan of his chest revealed multiple rib fractures, a large right-side pleural effusion, and right upper-lobe pulmonary infiltrate. We started the patient on dexamethasone. We considered remdesivir therapy but did not start it because of his renal disease. We performed right-side thoracentesis and drained mL of transudative fluid; fluid culture was negative for growth of bacteria. He was intubated on day 7 after admission because of worsening hypoxemia but subsequently extubated on day 9.

He was emergently reintubated and given atropine, which improved his heart rate. We initiated broad-spectrum antimicrobial treatment with intravenous vancomycin and cefepime.

Computed tomography image of the chest showing bilateral dense consolidations and right-sided pleural effusion in year-old man with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 who was later found to be Blood cultures drawn on day 13 after admission grew gram-negative rods in routine blood, chocolate, and MacConkey agar media.

A computed tomography scan of the chest revealed bilateral patchy ground glass opacities, dense consolidations in both lung bases, and a small right pleural effusion Figure. Gram stain of the BAL fluid showed many leukocytes and few gram-negative rods. We continued treatment with vancomycin and cefepime. On day 17, we extubated then reintubated him the same day because of ongoing hypotension and poor mentation. Because of worsening hemodynamic status, continued poor mentation, and overall poor prognosis, we changed goals of care to comfort measures only, and the patient died soon after.

Manifestations from reported human cases include skin infection, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and infective endocarditis, with or without bacteremia 4 — 15 ; Appendix references 16,17 Table 2. Human infection with B. Underlying conditions in patients from those cases included HIV, malignancy, liver disease, ulcerative colitis, diabetes, and liver transplantation; 3 of the patients had no underlying medical conditions. There was often known poultry exposure, unlike in this case.

It is possible that this pathogen colonizes the respiratory tract then is activated to cause infection later when the host becomes immunocompromised 7 ; Appendix reference Most patients recovered when treated with appropriate antimicrobial drugs, but this infection can lead to death, especially in severely immunocompromised patients 10 ,